Yōkai – An Exploration of Japanese Folklore

Yōkai – An Exploration of Japanese Folklore

Hello and welcome to Japan Media Tour, I’m your host Stephen T.M., and today we’re going to be talking about Yokai -Before we get into it though, the goal of this podcast is to examine Japanese media in order to gain an understanding of Japanese

Culture at large, and this episode will be absolutely vital in terms of laying the foundation of knowledge for us to build around in future episodes -So we won’t be talking specifically about any one movie or show, and instead we’ll be touching on a variety of topics to do with yokai

-Now, yokai run absolutely rampant throughout Japanese media, especially in manga, anime, and video games -It’s quite difficult to define the word yokai in a concise manner, so we’ll use examples and stories throughout the episode in order to wrap our heads around the concept -But first I’ll just give an oversimplified,

Somewhat flawed definition in order to get the ball rolling -Simply put, yokai are an assortment of demons, ghosts, and monsters in Japanese folklore -The term yokai is loosely related to “kami”, which we’ve discussed in previous episodes, and will continue to discuss as it is central to understanding shintoism, to which modern

Japanese culture is still closely connected -Kami are spirits that inhabit everything in the world, from trees, to rocks, to water -The connotation of the word kami is generally a positive one, and kami are seen as benevolent -They are the hidden spirits or energy that

One might pray to for a better life -Yokai, on the other hand range from malevolent to virtuous, and everything in between -They can be mischievous or playful, and are often allegorical characters, teaching us how we should interact with the world around us -The meaning of the word yokai is something

Like “strange apparition”, and the 2 kanji that make up the word mean “suspicious” or “doubtful” -These key words and definitions give us an idea about what yokai are, but still don’t come close to telling the full story -A lot of words in Japanese just can’t be properly translated into English, and it’s

Quite a common refrain that yokai is one of these troublesome terms -In fact, be careful which words you use as a stand-in for yokai when speaking English, as nothing else quite covers it -Perhaps it’s best just to adopt the word into the English language -The concept of yokai has ancient origins,

Going back over 1000 years, and likely longer than that -In the 13th century there were a lot of painted scrolls of yokai being made, featuring those resembling animals, as well as manmade objects -I actually find this fascinating – the fact

There were yokai with human and animal characteristics didn’t shock me, but I was somewhat surprised that there were yokai of anthropomorphic tools and other items appearing in art from so many years ago -Maybe that’s just me though – are you surprised by that?

-People at the time were scared of yokai, but making art of them allowed people to sort of tame them – in a sense they were taking control of them, instead of fearing these invisible entities, they were giving them form and containing them within a scroll

-Taking yokai out of their original context often makes them more lovable and less fearsome -And the further we move from the original stories, the more this happens – kappa plushies are a far cry from the original story of these humanoid turtles

-I’ll come back to kappa later though -There are many classical Japanese texts that talk about spirits and demons like yokai, including the Shoku Nihongi, The Pillow Book, Taiheiki, and even the oldest surviving text in Japan, the Kojiki, contains myths and legends about yokai -So just as we are attempting to lay the foundation

For future episodes by learning about yokai today, so too were those ancient texts laying the foundation of modern Japanese culture -Collections of stories about monsters and spirits were popular in the Heian period, between the 8th and 12th centuries, and this

Is around the time we find written records of Hyakki Yagyō, which are like gatherings or parades of hundreds or even thousands of demons -Though it should be noted that these large scale gatherings of yokai became far more prominent during the Muromachi Period, which lasted from 1336 to 1573

-We see a lot of scenes representing these huge processions of yokai in artwork from the Muromachi and Edo Periods, as well as in modern day movies like Spirited Away – think of the scene near the beginning of Spirited away with all the monsters walking across

The bridge toward the hot springs, or onsen – it’s quite reminiscent of hyakki yagyō -There is actually a myth that says anyone who witnesses a hyakki yagyō will be spirited away by the yōkai -This type of ghost parade is also featured

In the Ghibli movie Pom Poko, which is an environmental allegory, featuring tanuki, which are both yokai and real animals – Japanese raccoon dogs -You’ll often see tanuki statues outside of restaurants or homes in Japan as a symbol of good luck

-It’s really interesting that yokai were often depicted as doing the things that humans do -It’s kind of like they exist in a parallel universe, and can step in and out of our world when necessary -And maybe we humans sometimes stray into their world when we get sleepy, or drunk,

Or behave badly, or when we’ve been isolated for too long – just something to think about -If you’ve ever read the older versions of European Fairy Tales, you’ve probably noticed that they are absolutely terrifying, and much more brutal and violent than the

More well-known versions that would come later – after the Grimms and Disney had gotten to them -Well the same thing happened with yokai – they were generally a lot scarier when the world was a more mysterious place – that is, when there were more unexplained phenomena to account for

-But as time went on they slowly morphed into a form of entertainment, for both adults and children to enjoy – and I want you to think about that as we go on – what’s the reason for this? And were yokai more useful in the past than they are today?

-Anyway, it was in the Muromachi Period that this shift became apparent, with the rise of Otogi-zōshi, which were illustrated short stories -The name otogi-zoshi actually comes from one particular collection of 23 short stories produced in the Edo Period, but was applied more broadly to refer to works of the same

Genre -And they were still scary to people – but it was scary entertainment, as opposed to real everyday fear that a kappa was going to pop out from under a bridge and drag you into the kamo river -OK a little sidenote here, just because I mentioned those pesky kappa again: it’s

Interesting to think about how certain yokai became famous over time, while others faded into obscurity -It kind of reminds me of Japan’s modern day obsession with characters like Hello Kitty or Gudetama – we know the famous ones, but

What a lot of us don’t really think about is the fact that there are thousands of artists working to create characters like this, and never having them gain significant public recognition -If you have the LINE app, which is a popular

Messaging app in Japan, just scroll through the sticker shop and see all the wonderful characters artists have created that you’ve never seen before -There are actually tons of kappa characters on there -Anyway, yokai continued to gain popularity in the Edo period (18th century)

-They were often depicted in the Ukiyo-e woodblock printing of that time, including works by famous artists such as Utagawa Kuniyoshi and our old friend Katsushika Hokusai, who we covered in a previous episode -One thing I mentioned in that episode was Hokusai’s horror series, One Hundred Ghost Stories, which consisted of woodblock prints

Depicting different yōkai -It includes some of my favourite ukiyo-e works and you should definitely check it out if you haven’t -Telling scary stories was a popular pastime in the Edo Era -Just as it is in modern Japan with movies like Cure which I talked about 2 weeks ago,

Or even in horror manga, like the works of Junji Itō -It was likely due in part to the advent of the printing press that yōkai saw a boon in popularity during the Edo period -Before then, depictions of yokai were mostly

Limited to places like shrines and temples, with some exceptions of course, but thanks in large part to the printing press, they could now be widely enjoyed by all -Similar to what happened with other subjects of art and literature at that time

-As I mentioned in previous episodes, ukiyo-e prints, and poetry like haiku grew in popularity in just the same way – and if you’re enjoying this episode, go back and listen to the ones on Hokusai and Matsuo Basho as well -Between these three episodes I think we’re

Really starting to form a comprehensive understanding of the Edo Period in Japan -In this era we also start to see a kind of standardization of people’s ideas about some of the popular yokai -Whereas before there might have been lots

Of different interpretations of a yokai such as a kappa, people now had more or less the same idea of the creature – what it looked like, what it did, etcetera -This isn’t so different from what happened with mythical creatures such as vampires in

Other parts of the world -Popular yokai were even featured on playing cards, called karuta, which were introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in the 16th century, as well as many other types of games and toys -This was another way for people to tame the

Yokai – to gain power over all the unknown things in their world that yokai represented -One of the most important figures in the history of yōkai is Toriyama Sekien, who was an author and artist in Edo Era -Perhaps his most famous work, Sekien’s

Night Parade of a Hundred Demons is still really fun to flip through -It’s kind of like an encyclopedia of Yokai, depicting a whole bunch of different ghouls and spirits page-by-page -Whereas Sekien’s work showed the yokai one-by-one, a lot of other artist’s interpretations show all the yokai together, marching through

The streets – a much more literal parade than Sekien’s seminal work -The Edo Period came to a close, and Japan opened up to the world thanks to an event known as the Meiji Restoration -After the Meiji Restoration, European fairy tales, like those collected by the Brothers Grimm reached Japan’s shores

-Some of these became intertwined with stories of yokai over time -For example, the Grimm fairy tale, Godfather Death helped boost the popularity of shinigami, or “kami of death” in turn-of-the-century Japan -And as the title suggests, it’s a pretty dark story about a man who gives his son away

To a personified version of Death – something like the grim reaper -So that should give you an idea of what kinds of stories were popular at the time – yes, the history of horror runs deep in Japan, and worldwide for that matter

-Just because there are so many bad horror movies out there these days, doesn’t mean we should dismiss such a timeless genre -Yokai even started to appear in rakugo performances and kabuki plays -Rakugo, for those unfamiliar, is a type of one-man show where a lone performer sits on stage and tells a story

-It’s often comedic, and is kind of like the traditional form of Japanese stand-up comedy -It’s much more subdued than kabuki, which involves elaborate costumes, acting and dancing -Legendary kabuki actors such as the members of the Onoe family took on roles such as the kappa, tanuki, and even the kasa ippon ashi,

Or one-legged umbrella -So if you’ve been to Japan you’ll know that there are umbrella racks at most stores for you to leave your wet umbrella in on a rainy day – and a friend of mine told me that if I took someone else’s umbrella from the

Rack I would actually be haunted by one of these kasa-obake, or umbrella yokai – so this yokai has always stuck with me since then -There’s a bunch of other stories related to these yokai, but that’s just one that I’ve heard, and I’m happy I did – every

Time I used an umbrella rack now I think of the kasa obake and it makes my day a little more interesting -All right, so we’ve laid down the history of yokai a little bit, now let’s look at a few more types of yokai -The Hitotsumekozo looks like a child with one eye

-It roams around towns and looks for shoes that have been left outside by children – if it finds them it will stamp the shoe and the owner will then fall ill -The way to ward off this yokai is to hang a woven colander in front of your house, which

Will scare it off – Apparently because the colander looks like a face with many eyes on it -Hitotsumekozo may actually have its origins in ironworking towns -Ironworkers would look into their furnaces, which were very bright, and this would often damage their eyes and sometimes make them

Go blind in one eye -The idea behind yokai like hitotsumekozo is that they’re always watching you – taking note of whether you’re acting in a prosocial or antisocial manner, not unlike what Santa Claus does in countries with Christian traditions

-Next we have the Amabie, which is kind of like a mermaid that comes out of the ocean to warn people of coming epidemics -As the legend goes, you have to draw its form if you want to avoid falling ill – doesn’t that just feel like the plot of a movie or something?

-It kind of reminds me of The Ring where they have to copy the video tape -Amabie actually became popular again during the Covid-19 pandemic – it was all over social media, and even made an appearance on official government websites along side information

About Covid -Amabie has 3 legs and a beak like a bird, and it’s believed to have come from the himeuo, another yokai which had the body of a fish with a woman’s head and some horns -Himeuo came out of the water and spoke a

Prophecy similar to that of the amabie -One important thing to note here is that this yokai gained popularity during the Edo Period, when, as I mentioned earlier, Japan had strict isolationist policies -However, Nagasaki was one of the only places

That had ports that would open to foreigners, though only a couple times per year -Even so, Nagasaki began to be seen as almost a foreign country within Japan, and one of the most exotic places most people had access to -This made it the perfect location for strange and mysterious creatures to come from

-There was also a fear, and probably not an unfounded one, that foreigners coming to Nagasaki were bringing diseases with them, such as smallpox and the flu -So it’s no coincidence that himeuo came from the ocean, just like the foreign ships

Coming into port – though the ships brought disease, and himeuo brought a cure -What a great marketing strategy, by the way – draw himeuo and spread its image around if you want to survive -Another popular yokai at that time was the

Kudan, which had the head of a human and the body of a cow -Kudan die shortly after being born, but not before making a prophecy -Kudan and amabie are both prophetic beasts, which was a popular sort of subgenre of yokai in the Edo Period -All right, now for one of the superstars

Of the yokai world: the Kappa -I’ve sprinkled its name throughout the episode, but haven’t fully described it -They’re usually depicted as water-dwelling humanoids with turtle shells on their backs, and dishes full of water on their heads -If too much water spills out they will become weak, and might even die

-Some depictions of kappa actually do look pretty creepy to me – very uncanny valley -They live in rivers, and in the past drownings were often attributed to these yokai pulling people into the water – they’re apparently able to do so with ease as they are said to

Be great wrestlers -Kappa statues can also be found at many shrines throughout Japan, and people often bring them cucumbers as an offering, as it’s supposedly their favourite food -There’s honestly so much more on kappa, but you can see how these myths evolve over time to become more complex and varied

-One more I want to mention is the zashiki warashi -These yokai generally look like young girls, and inhabit old buildings, such as ryokan, which are traditional Japanese inns -Most people I’ve spoken to say they actually like zashiki warashi, and see them as benevolent -They might be tricksters, but the general

Consensus seems to be that they are not scary and won’t do any real harm -In fact, they are sometimes seen as bringing good luck to those who see them -Again, I love these stories, because now next time I go to a ryokan I’ll have a heightened

Awareness of the energy in the building, and will be able to feel the magic in the walls and the tatami mats of the place -So we’ve seen yokai go from local myths, to something quasi-religious, to paintings and plays, and now we’ve come to the Shōwa

Era, which lasted from the 1920s to the 1980s, and we see the rise of manga and anime -One manga that is synonymous with yokai is Gegege no Kitarō, which was created by Shigeru Mizuki in 1960 -It became so popular that his hometown of

Sakaiminato in Tottori prefecture is full of statues of his characters -Mizuki started drawing yokai after coming home from World War 2 -While at war he got lost in the jungle – and while walking through the jungle at night

He suddenly felt like there was a wall in front of him – though he couldn’t see it through the blackness -He felt like he couldn’t move forward any more and decided to lay down to sleep for the night – when he woke up he found that

There was a cliff just beyond where he’d been walking, and that he would have surely died had he kept marching on blindly – after this he believed that a wall-type yokai had saved his life -So it’s really no wonder that he pretty much dedicated his life to telling stories about yokai

-Shigeru Mizuki placed yokai into 4 categories -The supernatural -Shapeshifters -Ghosts and spirits -And large monsters -This is just Mizuki’s classification system. Many others have chosen to separate yokai into different categories – sometimes based on their appearance, but also on their location, or the phenomena with which they are associated

-There are tons more anime, manga, and games featuring yokai, and I’ll quickly go through a few of them now -A lot of Studio Ghibli films have featured yokai, including Princess Mononoke, Spirited Away, and Pom Poko -The word mononoke, as in Princess Mononoke, is actually somewhat similar to the word yokai

– it means vengeful spirit or something similar to that -There are yokai called kodama in the film -These are tree spirits, and they aren’t an invention of writer/director Hayao Miyazaki, they’ve actually been written about since the 8th century, and were featured in early texts such as the Kojiki

-Kodama are said to live in old trees and will curse those who chop the trees down -And just a little reminder: like all yokai, there are many different stories and interpretations, and I’m only giving a very brief overview here

-Princess Mononoke also has wolf yokai in it, including a mother wolf with two tails, which is a characteristic of several yokai, including the kitsune, and sometimes the inugami, which are fox- and dog-type yokai respectively -There are a number of yokai associated with

Dogs or wolves, another of which is the okuri-inu, which will stalk closely behind hikers on mountain paths, and if they fall, the yokai will pounce on them and attack -However, there is a dual nature to these creatures, as is the case with many yokai,

And as long as you stay upright the dog or wolf will actually act as a protector against other dangers on the mountain and guide you to safety -If you’ve seen Princess Mononoke then you will also remember the huge translucent black

Monster at the end of the movie that makes all the townspeople and inhabitants of the forest run for their lives -This is sometimes interpreted to be a daidarabotchi, which is a huge yokai that can actually take the form of a mountain, or even a mountain range -Now let’s look at another Ghibli film:

Spirited Away -This one is absolutely chock-full of yōkai, but I’ll just mention a couple here -The character No-face might be based off the yokai Umibozu, which is actually a sea spirit that attacks ships and kills sailors -My research on umibozu didn’t really reveal many redeeming qualities, but No-face from

Spirited Away has the characteristic benevolent and malevolent sides that many other yokai tend to possess -He seems to go crazy while he’s in the bathhouse, but is calm and kind once he’s outside -There are also Namahage or Oni looking characters in the film, which are classic demon or ogre

Creatures with devil horns on their heads -These are monsters that live in mountain caves, emerging periodically to eat people, and one of the stories told to children in Japan is that if they misbehave they will be eaten by a namahage!

-This is the type of story that the main character Sen, also known as Chihiro would have likely been told by her parents -By the way, Spirited Away is called Sen to Chihiro in Japanese -Oni are ubiquitous and you’ll surely see

Them in art, statues, or masks all over Japan -Clearly Miyazaki and the Ghibli team have been inspired by yokai and other forms of Japanese mythology, but the legacy of these spirits goes much deeper than just one studio, legendary though it is

-One anime I really like that keeps the yokai tradition alive is Rumiko Takahashi’s Inuyasha -There is a tanuki character, Hachiemon, who is a shapeshifter and benevolent on-again off-again member of Inuyasha’s crew -Inuyasha himself is part dog demon, and you can definitely see the dichotomy of good and evil within him

-There are also a couple characters that are based off of kitsune: Shippo who is a young humanoid fox, and Kirara who is more like an animal – standing on all fours and not speaking Japanese or any other human language -Both of them are shapeshifters, and Kirara

Has multiple tails, as many kitsune do -By the way, kitsune is the word for fox in Japanese, as well as for fox yokai – just as tanuki is used for raccoon dogs and their yokai counterparts -I actually love this and ever since I learned

It I have a newfound reverence for foxes – it added some extra magic to them -One great representative example of a kitsune is Ninetales from Pokemon -Even the name of this Pokemon is a reference to the legend that tells that as kitsune get

Older and wiser, they grow more and more tails, with most stories saying that 9 is the maximum number -Oh, by the way, shippo means tail in Japanese, so that little fox character from Inuyasha is named Tail – very apropos -He’s also a bit of a trickster, which is a classic kitsune trait

-Just one last thing on kitsune for today that I think is pretty cool: -In Japan sunshowers are sometimes referred to as kitsune no yomeiri, meaning “fox’s wedding” -Again, they’re assigning something mythical to a strange phenomenon -There are lots of different legends about

Fox’s weddings, but apparently it was often seen as bad luck to witness a kitsune’s wedding ceremony, which is a shame because that would be such a cool thing to see -This is related to the idea of the hyakki yagyō, or yokai parades I mentioned at the

Beginning of this episode – it seems as though it’s just bad luck most times you see a whole bunch of yokai at once, which makes sense to me -I’ll run through a few more Pokemon based off yokai very quickly:

-Dunsparce is a tsuchinoko, which is like a stubby little snake, Drowzee is a baku, or nightmare eater, Lickitung is an akaname, which licks the scum off of bathroom tiles, Exeggutor is a jinmenju, a tree with human heads in it, Magmar is a basan, kind of like

A phoenix, and Golduck might have been inspired by the kappa – though it’s far from being a perfect representation -So one question has come up again and again throughout my research on yokai: have they lost their power in the modern world? -In a world that’s becoming increasingly disenchanted?

-Now that science has shed light on a lot of previously unexplained phenomena that yokai used to explain for us, what is their place in the world? -Well, I don’t believe yokai have lost their power – in fact they might be more important

Than ever in keeping some of the magic of this world alive -When we feel like our lives are just a straight line from birth to school to work to death, then yōkai are the things that lead us down a meandering path that makes life interesting again -And isn’t that what all stories are?

-The movies we love, the books we get lost in? -Yokai connect us to the past, and maybe to other dimensions, not seen, but imagined -They help us to feel alive when life gets dull – they entertain and inspire us

-Even if they don’t exist in corporeal form, they most certainly do exist as a testament to the collective creativity of the human species, as something people have built together over centuries – and that’s more significant than any scientific journal with a half-life

Of 3 or 4 years -All right, I think I had something there before my unwarranted attack on science -Anyway, that’s it for our main topic today, but it won’t be the last time we talk about Yokai here on Japan Media Tour -And before we go, stayed tuned for today’s bonus topic and recommendations

-All right thanks for sticking around – today I just want to talk about a glorious Japanese animal that sadly went extinct in the early 20th century -The Japanese wolf, also known as the Honshu wolf was a subspecies of the grey wolf that

Once roamed the islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, and of course, Honshu, Japan’s largest and most populous island -A number of factors led to the decline and eventual eradication of the Japanese wolf, including the introduction of rabies and other diseases, as well as Meiji Era policies that led to increased hunting and culling of wolves

-However, if you search online you’ll quickly find that a growing number of people are reporting wolf sightings all across Japan – and they have the photos to prove it -Now I’m not saying these photos are undeniable proof that the Japanese Wolf lives on, but they’re certainly intriguing -It’s interesting when something like this

Happens, and a real animal becomes something of a cryptid – we’ve seen it happen before with Tazmanian tigers or the coelacanth -The coelacanth, by the way turned out not to be extinct and people have actually found a few over the past 100 years ago

-Coelacanth are fish though, so it’s a bit different – could there really be wolves living in such a populous country as Japan? -I’m not sure, but I hope so – they’re beautiful creatures – and even if there aren’t any left, certain environmental groups in Japan are seeking government approval to introduce

Grey wolves to the country – to mixed reviews of course -I understand why some people don’t want them to come back – they look pretty scary – and we don’t really know what effect they would have on indigenous animal populations, but it’s a fascinating prospect nonetheless -Japanese wolves are slightly smaller than

Their cousins in mainland Asia and North America, standing about 50 to 60 centimetres tall -You can see stuffed and mounted specimens at Wakayama University, Tokyo University, and apparently the National Museum of Natural history in the Netherlands for some reason

-There’s actually a story in the news right now about a 13 year old girl who discovered a specimen thought to be a Japanese Wolf at the National Museum of Nature and Science -I said a minute ago that it feels like the wolf has now become a cryptid, alongside Sasquatch

And the Loch Ness Monster, but really it’s kind of like it has become a yōkai, out there in the mountains where most people will never see it -That’s all I’ve got for you on wolves, or in Japanese, ōkami, but stayed tuned for this week’s recommendation, and to hear about next week’s episode

-For today’s recommendation I think I should send you to a shrine – somewhere you might be able to see some yokai, or at least feel their presence -Oiwa Shrine is located in Hitachi City, Ibaraki prefecture -It’s a bit out of the way, but it’s a peaceful place, surrounded by natural beauty

-The shrine is on Mount Oiwa, so you can have a look around, and then enjoy a tranquil hike under the giant cedar trees -Maybe even bring a couple Hitachino Nest beers to drink at the top of the mountain – they’re brewed not far away, at Kiuchi

Brewery -By the way, Oiwa Shrine is also home to a legendary cedar tree called the Sanbon-sugi -Being in the presence of a natural wonder like that really does feel like meeting a god -So I’d recommend Oiwa Shrine to those that live in Japan, or perhaps to those who might

Already be planning to spend time nearby, but it’s a bit far to go if you’re on a tight schedule, so I’ll throw in a little bonus rec, as i’m wont to do -So how about some noodles? -There’s a little spot in the south end of Kyoto called Yamabiko Fushimi and they

Make really good udon noodles -The reason I picked this spot is because of the dish “kitsune udon”, which is udon with some sweet tofu on top – apparently foxes like to eat this, hence the name -That item is on the menu, but they have a

Bunch of other good ones like curry udon and zaru udon, which is cold noodles with a dipping sauce -I think it’s cash only, as a lot of places in Japan are, so just be ready for that -It’s pretty far from downtown Kyoto though

– sorry for sending you to such off the beaten path locations this week -I’ve already thought about next episode’s recommendation and I think I’m sending you pretty far away again actually -I’m really excited for next week’s episode

Though – I’m a visual artist, so any time I get to talk about art on the pod I’m happy -Next time we’re going to talk about Yayoi Kusama – probably Japan’s most famous contemporary artist, and if not, she’s certainly one of them

-Her story is fascinating and it spans decades, so there will be a lot of information that you won’t want to miss -So thanks for joining me today, this is Stephen T.M., signing off, and I’ll see you next time for Yayoi Kusama

Episode 11 takes a look at the history of yōkai, and why these mythical creatures should matter to you. We don’t go into detail about any one work of art or literature, but rather give an overview of various media involving yōkai. We also talk about Japanese wolves, Pokemon, and udon.

Chapters:
0:00 Yōkai
29:32 The Japanese Wolf
33:01 Oiwa Shrine and Yamabiko Fushimi

Oiwa Shrine:
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Yamabiko Fushimi:
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