佐渡金山宗太夫坑/被坑了¥1000/航拍飛越道遊の割戸 Sado Kinzan Sodayu Mine/¥1000 got wasted/Drone fly thru Dōyū no Wareto

佐渡金山宗太夫坑/被坑了¥1000/航拍飛越道遊の割戸 Sado Kinzan Sodayu Mine/¥1000 got wasted/Drone fly thru Dōyū no Wareto

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佐渡金山（日語：佐渡金山／さどきんざん Sado-kinzan），是一座位於日本新潟縣佐渡市的金礦。此礦中產出的礦石主要成分為被稱為「銀黑」的石英，其中夾雜有帶狀的輝銀礦與金微粒。

從江戶時代初期的慶長到寛永年間為佐渡金山的全盛時期，當時一年平均可開採出400公斤的黃金、40噸的白銀，為當時世界上產量最高的金礦之一，而銀產量亦在當時國內前列。佐渡金山是當時幕府主要貨幣慶長小判的一個重要的材料來源。其中相川銀山被幕府指定為直轄領地，成為佐渡島上金銀礦的中心。佐渡島產出的粗金粗銀在上繳給幕府後，在金座、銀座鑄造成貨幣。當時日本從中國進口大量的生絲，白銀作為主要的貿易貨幣大量輸出給了中國。

在金礦工作的礦工薪水極高、進而在周圍形成了繁榮的金礦小鎮。在江戶時代後期江戶約有1800人的流浪漢（無宿人）與犯人被發配到佐渡金山服苦役。一方面這對礦工有警示作用，另一方面，金礦也需要大量的無宿人作為排水的人力，因為礦坑常常延伸至海拔以下，必須避免積水過多導致礦坑報廢。

佐渡金山礦脈約於1980年代開始枯竭，於1989年停止開採並作為觀光設施開放給一般民眾參觀。坑道總長度約為400公里，其中300公尺長開放給民眾參觀，並設置了約70具重現當時採礦工人工作情形的人偶。

The Sado gold mine (佐渡金山, Sado Kinzan) is a generic term for gold and silver mines which were once located the island of Sado in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Among these mines, the Aikawa Gold and Silver Mine (相川金銀山, Aikawa kinginzan) was the largest and was in operation until the modern era. The Sado Gold and Silver Mine was inscribed on Japan’s World Heritage Tentative List under the title “The Sado Complex of Heritage Mines, Primarily Gold Mines” in 2010.

Following the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the island became tenryō territory under the direct control of the Shogunate. This corresponded with the discovery of a new gold vein in 1601 in what would later become the Aikawa gold and silver mine. During its peak production period, from around 1615 to 1645, the mines on Sado produced an estimated 400 kilograms of gold and 37.5 tons of silver per year, making Sado one of the largest producers of gold and silver in the world, and forming a substantial portion of the income for the Tokugawa shogunate. During the early period, the mine workers were paid handsomely and the surrounding towns were prosperous. However, by the later half of the Edo period, extraction was becoming increasingly difficult due to water ingression from natural springs, and by the tunnels following veins of ore underneath the seabed. The shogunate supplemented the local workforce by bringing in convicted criminals and by rounding up indigents off of the streets of Edo. Conditions for these forced laborers was extremely harsh, as they were used for the most dangerous tasks and for the heavy labor involved in dewatering the mines, and a sentence to the Sado mines was a life sentence.

By the Meiji restoration, production had dropped considerably and the new Meiji government sold the mines to a consortium led by Mitsubishi in 1896. Using imported machinery and modern mining techniques, including cableways, vertical shafts and improved extraction technology, the Aikawa mine was able to increase production to 1500 kilograms of gold and 25 tons of silver annually by 1940. World War II severely impacted production, and forced labor from Korea was used. Mining operations had been reduced by a large scale by 1952. The final mining operations were stopped on March 31, 1989.

Since the closure of the mine, efforts have been made to turn some of the sites, particularly the Aikawa mine into tourist attraction and to preserve some of the buildings and facilities as part of Japan’s industrial heritage. Of the estimated 400 kilometres (250 mi) of tunnels in the Aikawa Mine, about 300 metres (0.19 mi) have been opened to the public as a museum, with mannequins and explanatory dioramas to explain the history of the facility.

The Sado gold mine was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1994, with the area under protection expanded in 2017.

(資料來源：維基百科 Source of information : Wikipedia)

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