🇳🇴 Immersive Walking Tour in Bergen, The Capital of the Norwegian Fjords

🇳🇴 Immersive Walking Tour in Bergen, The Capital of the Norwegian Fjords

Here, on this cool May morning, the clouds hang low over the rooftops of Bergen, as if they too are listening. The smell of saltwater drifts in from the harbour, and the cries of seagulls echo off the stone walls that have stood for centuries. We begin this walk not in the colourful postcards of Bryggen just yet, but at the quiet threshold of time: Bergenhus Fortress, one of the oldest and best-preserved strongholds in Norway. This is where Bergen begins to reveal itself, not just as the charming port city most travellers imagine, but as a place of power, poetry, and resilience. Founded more than 900 years ago, Bergen was once the capital of Norway and a vital hub in the Hanseatic League, where kings held court, and merchants shaped the destiny of the north. And these thick stone walls around us? They have seen coronations, conflicts, plagues… and peace. [Captain’s Quarters and other administrative or support buildings tied to the fortress complex, such as information point, ticket sales…] Before we dive into the more familiar sights, like Bryggen’s colourful facades, the bustle of the fish market, the narrow lanes of the old town, and the sweeping view from Mount Fløyen, let’s allow the fortress to speak first to remind us that Bergen’s charm isn’t just in its beauty, but in its history… These low, crumbling remains you see here are what’s left of Bergen’s medieval defences and storage houses, possibly once tied to the royal residence complex that stood here at the height of the 13th century. And towering above them is Håkonshallen itself, one of Norway’s finest medieval secular buildings, named after King Håkon Håkonsson. Around 1260, he had this hall built as part of his royal palace complex during a time when Bergen was the capital of Norway, a golden era when Norwegian power reached from the North Sea to the British Isles. Now, as we walk to the other side of the building, you’ll notice another set of ruins, more distinct in their layout. These are the ruins of the medieval church of St. Mary of the Sun, known locally as Sølveret or Solærte. [Ruins of the solar (1247 – 1261)] It was here, inside these very stone walls, that one of the grandest events in medieval Norwegian history took place. The year was 1261, and King Håkon Håkonsson’s son, Magnus Lagabøte, was to be wed. The bride? Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, with whom he would seal a powerful alliance between two great Nordic kingdoms. Imagine the scene… The waters of the harbour shimmering below the fortress, boats arriving from distant coasts, their sails bearing noble coats of arms. From Scotland, England, Denmark, and across the Hanseatic world, royal envoys, clergy, merchants, and noble families are arriving, dressed in velvet, wool, and embroidered linen, bearing gifts, silks, spices, and stories. Inside the newly built Håkonshallen, the king’s architects had created a hall fit for a saga: an arched room, 30 metres long, and a ceiling soaring high above in dark timber. Along the stone walls hang rich tapestries, woven with scenes from Norse mythology and Christian iconography. Long tables stretch down the length of the hall, groaning under the weight of roasted meats, salted fish, wild berries, flagons of ale, and honeyed mead. Musicians play on lyres and flutes, and Skalds (poet-historians) recite verses to honour the king’s lineage and the promise of peace this union will bring. And then the wedding vows, spoken in Latin and Old Norse, under the watchful eyes of clerics and nobility, echoing against stone walls that have stood for more than 750 years. For this day, at least, all corners of the Norse world feel united under one roof. [Statue of King Haakon VII] There’s one more chapter in Bergen’s story that had great relevance. And it’s not one of weddings or royal banquets, but of cannon fire, betrayal, and the smoke of battle rolling across the fjord. The battle of Bergen Harbour, in 1665. It was the 2nd of August of 1665, and Bergen, then under Danish-Norwegian rule, found itself caught in the crossfire of one of Europe’s fiercest rivalries: England and the Dutch Republic, both vying for dominance over global trade routes and colonial wealth. At the heart of it was a fleet of Dutch merchant ships, the Dutch East India treasure convoy, returning home with vast riches: spices, silks, porcelain, and silver from Asia. The Dutch ships sought refuge in Bergen’s neutral harbour, hoping to avoid English attack. But neutrality would prove fragile. The English navy, hungry for plunder and emboldened by misinformation, dispatched a squadron under Admiral Thomas Teddeman to intercept the treasure fleet. England assumed that Danish-Norway, officially neutral but quietly aligned with the Dutch, would stand aside. Some even expected cooperation. But Bergen’s governor, Claus von Ahlefeldt, stood firm, refusing to let the English violate their harbour. And so, just offshore from where we now stand, battle broke out. At dawn, cannon fire shattered the morning mist. The English ships opened fire, expecting a swift victory, but instead were met with fierce Dutch resistance and unexpected retaliation from the fortress itself. From the ramparts of Bergenhus, Danish-Norwegian guns joined the fight, firing upon the English fleet. The clash lasted just a few hours, but it was brutal. Smoke choked the port, buildings were damaged, and the English were forced to retreat, humiliated and empty-handed. The Dutch, though shaken, held their ground, and their treasure. This encounter remains as one of the only naval battles in history fought within a neutral port, and a rare moment when Bergen’s cannons roared not in defence of its own walls, but in defence of principle. We’re about to finish our visit to the fortress, but before we leave its gates, let’s visit one of the most recognizable silhouettes of the entire Bergen skyline: the solid, austere and stoic Rosenkrantz Tower. The Rosenkrantz Tower was never just one thing. Part royal residence, part defensive stronghold, and part prison, it’s been at the heart of Bergen’s power structure for centuries. It’s named after Erik Rosenkrantz, a nobleman and governor of Bergenhus in the mid-1500s, who transformed this place into a proper renaissance tower, reinforcing it with thick stone walls and architectural features drawn straight from Europe’s military trends of the time. But beneath its layers of masonry, you’ll find even older bones. The lower part of the tower actually dates all the way back to the 1270s, when King Magnus Lagabøte (the same one who celebrated his royal wedding here) built a keep as part of his growing stronghold. [Rosenkrantz Tower] So in a way, this isn’t just one building… it’s several centuries stacked upon one another, each one carrying a different face of Bergen’s history. Inside, the rooms tell darker stories. Echoes of prisoners once held in damp chambers. A spiral staircase so narrow it could be defended by just one man. And windows carved out more for arrows and muskets than sunlight. Still, after going through battles, occupations and even accidental explosions, the tower stood firm. Like much of Bergen, it survived… and endures. Now, with that towering watchman behind us, we’ll leave Bergenhus Festning, and step into a completely different world. The world of wooden trade houses, of salty fish and foreign merchants, of spices, secrets, and centuries of commerce. Next stop: Bryggen, the colourful, iconic Hanseatic Quarter, where Bergen made its name as the beating heart of trade in the North. You can either walk with me if you don’t want to get lost on the way, or you can skip the next 5 minutes til the next timestamp in minute 0:24:14. Here we are, Bergen’s beating heart, both ancient and alive: the Bryggen. Even if you’ve never heard of Bergen, you’ve likely seen this row of brightly painted, timber-clad houses before. This was once one of the most important trading hubs in Northern Europe; a vital outpost of the Hanseatic League, a powerful alliance of merchant cities stretching from Germany to Russia. Starting in the 14th century, German merchants made of Bergen their home base in Norway, running trade routes through this very harbour. Let’s pretend, just for a moment… that you’re not a modern-day visitor,
but a Hanseatic merchant, newly arrived in Bergen from Lübeck or Bremen. It’s the year 1414. You’re young. The alley is dark even in daylight. Above you, rows of rooms with some apprentices; boys as young as fourteen, sleeping three to a bed, writing letters home by candlelight, learning to haggle and hold their own at the long wooden table downstairs. You hear laughter and maybe someone singing in German nearby. You smell smoke from the open hearth and hear the flap of sails down by the quay. You’ve travelled weeks by ship, bringing cargo from the Baltic: sacks of rye, bolts of cloth, maybe even barrels of beer. Now, standing here in Bryggen, it’s your job to trade for cod, dried stockfish that Norwegians have hauled from the icy Lofoten waters and hung to cure in the coastal wind. You duck your head through the timber doorway, and don’t find a shop, but a “kontor”: the old German word for office. These are warehouses, dormitories, counting houses, places where deals are struck and accounts kept in meticulous ledgers. Although Bergen is wet, wild, and full of risk, for the ambitious, it’s a land of opportunity. Bryggen was a bustling, smoky, loud, and frankly a bit of a rough place. Curiously, the German language was more commonly overheard than the Norwegian one here, and the architecture can give us a hint. As you may have noticed, these buildings follow German medieval design, with narrow wooden alleys and steep gables, and the reason for it has to do with the Hanseatic League, a fascinating topic that we will delve into in our other night tour of Bergen. But Bryggen hasn’t stood here untouched since the Middle Ages. Fire has swept through this quarter multiple times, the most devastating happening in 1702, when much of the city burned to the ground. And again in 1955, when a fire destroyed several buildings here. But each time, Bergen rebuilt, in the same footprint, using the same traditional timber-framing techniques, just as they had for centuries. Today, inside these crooked wooden buildings you find craft shops, galleries, cafés, traditional workshops or studios, many of them preserving techniques that have been passed down through generations; and small museums, like the Bryggens Museum and the Hanseatic Museum, which delve deeper into the merchant life of old Bergen. And above all, Bryggen is UNESCO-protected, a rare honour that recognises its importance to the world’s cultural heritage. It’s not just a postcard. It’s a living record of Bergen’s role in centuries of maritime trade, immigration, and global exchange. And speaking of trade… Just a few steps away is Bergen’s beating heart of commerce: the Fish Market, our next stop. Let’s follow the scent of the sea and see what catches our eye. Just a few steps ahead of us is Bergen’s famous Fish Market (or Fisketorget, as it’s known in Norwegian), one of Norway’s most famous marketplaces, and a place that tells a very different story from Bryggen. But what’s the difference between Bryggen and the Fish Market, if we walked in to Bryggen to trade for cod? While Bryggen was the closed world of the Hanseatic League, where merchants lived and traded goods like stockfish, grain, and textiles under tight control, the Fish Market was the people’s domain, more local, more open, and far more bustling. If Bryggen was the office, this was the street corner, the city’s open-air kitchen and the pantry, a place where the fjords deliver their bounty, and people come to buy, sell, and connect. The earliest records of this market date back to the 1200s, and by the late Middle Ages, it had already become Bergen’s most vital public space. And standing here today, eight centuries later, you can still feel that energy. If you look around, you will find a canopy full of colours: stalls full of ice-packed fish, the smell of salt, the sound of gulls circling above. As hundreds of years ago, it is full of shouting voices, clanging scales, clouds or rain. This market has never stopped. Imagine it back then, a muddy waterfront lined with wooden boats, fishermen hauling in nets filled with cod, herring, and halibut, and hands trading silver coins for mackerel or Arctic char. [It lasts for 40 years] Let me take you to another building (which we will get in a minute) closely related to the fish market known as “Mathallen.” If you’ve never heard this name before and are planning to visit Norway, remember the word of “Mathallen, which simply means “the Food Hall” in Norwegian. These are indoor food markets that are growing in popularity across the country; you’ll find similar ones in Oslo, Trondheim, and Stavanger, but each one reflecting the local flavours and culinary identity of its region. Bergen’s Mathallen, opened in 2012, was created as a modern extension of the traditional fish market. While the outdoor stalls continue to serve freshly caught seafood in the open air, Mathallen brings the experience indoors. Inside, you’ll find a warm, modern space that blends the spirit of a farmer’s market with a gourmet food hall. Some stalls act as mini-restaurants, offering small plates and meals you can enjoy right there, often accompanied by a glass of wine, local cider, or artisanal beer. And for those who want to take a taste of Bergen home, many vendors sell beautifully packaged products, ideal for gifts or for your own kitchen. Mathallen represents the best of both worlds: it honours centuries of Bergen’s market tradition while showcasing Norway’s evolving food scene. It’s the perfect place for curious foodies and casual visitors alike. And while it might feel like a recent trend, you could say it simply brings Bergen full circle, because what’s happening inside Mathallen today is not so different from what happened in the outdoor Fish Market 800 years ago: people trading, tasting, and sharing stories through food. In a land where roads were few and the sea was the motorway, this market was the true beating heart of west coast commerce, the place where Norwegian fishermen met farmers from inland fjords, bartered their catches for meat, cheese, or potatoes, and carried news and gossip from the sea. Now, you may see some rather exotic offerings here, like live king crab, whale meat, or smoked reindeer sausages, but it’s all part of the country’s long culinary traditions. Let’s now move on to our next stop and stroll through the streets of the old town, which is just across the road. I’d like to take this opportunity to ask about your experience on this tour. Your feedback is very important to continue improving the channel’s content and your experience. So feel free to leave a comment. I’ll read you all. Thank you. [Statue of Ludvig Holberg: Born in Bergen in 1684, Holberg was a playwright, satirist, and philosopher, and is often called the father of modern Danish-Norwegian literature. His sharp wit and critical mind helped shape Enlightenment thought in Scandinavia.] We’re now wandering into the quieter folds of Bergen’s historic core, and as the cobblestones guide us past the statue of Ludvig Holberg and into these narrow lanes, It’s a good time to provide you with some basic information that you may already be wondering about: What kind of city is Bergen? For those who have never heard of this place before, Bergen is Norway’s second largest city, home to just under 290,000 people. That might not sound like much, but here, it’s the perfect size: big enough to feel alive, small enough to keep its charm. But what makes Bergen truly stand out isn’t its size though, it’s its setting. Nestled between seven hills and seven fjords, this city has always lived in close dialogue with nature; and part of that relationship includes a lot of rain. About 239 days of it per year, to be precise. That’s earned Bergen the nickname “the rainiest city in Europe”, though locals will argue it’s all part of the experience. They even say: “There’s no such thing as bad weather, only bad clothing.” And when the clouds lift, you’ll see why the rain is worth it; it keeps everything lush, green, and misty in the most cinematic way. In front of us, you’ll catch a glimpse of one of Bergen’s oldest and most historically significant churches, Korskirken, or the Church of the Holy Cross. The two dates you see above the cathedral rose window (1705 and 1831) mark the completion of restorations that had to undergo due to historical disasters. 1702 was the year of one of Bergen’s most devastating fires, which left large parts of the city in ruins, including much of Korskirken. The rebuilding that followed was completed around 1705. Then again, in 1830, the church suffered further damage and was once more renovated, this time in a style reflecting the architecture of the time, and the 1831 date marks the completion of that later restoration. The cathedral’s name comes from the stone cross once erected nearby, and over the centuries, it has been expanded, damaged by fires (like much of Bergen) and lovingly restored again and again. Today, it’s more than a place of worship: Korskirken has become a space for social outreach, especially known for supporting vulnerable communities in the city centre. So while it may not have the grandeur of a cathedral, it holds a quiet dignity and a long memory, a true local landmark of Bergen’s spiritual and communal heart. So… when is the best time to visit Bergen? In this regard you must know that winters here are surprisingly mild for Norway. Despite being in one of the coldest countries of Europe, the temperature here is usually hovering around 0 to 3°C (that’s 32 to 37°F); that means that you shouldn’t expect those white winters you see in films and postcards of Norway. That is due to the warm Gulf Stream, an invisible current of water that circulates under the Atlantic Ocean and warms the western coast of Norway. On the other hand, though, summers are cool and pleasant, with highs around 18°C (or 64°F). So if you’re visiting between May and August, you’re catching Bergen at its brightest. Now, as we stroll past the cafés and wooden houses, here’s a fun fact for you: Bergen was once Norway’s capital city, all the way back in the 13th century, during the reign of King Håkon Håkonsson, the same king behind Håkonshallen, where we started our tour. It’s also been a hub for artists, musicians, and thinkers. For instance, Edvard Grieg, Norway’s most celebrated composer, was born right here in Bergen. You’ll see reminders of him all over town, and later on, you’ll hear a beautiful echo of his legacy from a special guest at our final stop. And while Bergen has hosted many a royal and explorer, it also received a rather unusual visitor in 1973, David Bowie, who came here while on tour and described the city as “a dream, too soft to be real.” Whether or not he said those exact words is debated… but it wouldn’t be hard to believe. I hope you’re enjoying the journey so far. If you like what you see and haven’t yet subscribed, please feel free to do so. This helps YouTube understand that this content is worth sharing and it helps us reach a broader audience. This will allow me to dedicate more time to create more and better content for everyone to enjoy. Thank you. In about 10 minutes we will be taking the funicular from here up to Fløyen panorama. But before getting on the Fløybanen, we ought to visit the beautiful neighbourhood that is right next to us with beautiful white wooden houses. And while we walk through it, I’m going to tell you about one of the most popular local folk stories based here, in Bergen. A tale about Fløyen and the mysterious inhabitants that live in the forest above us. [The Legend of the Fløyen Trolls.] “They say that if you walk into the forest above Bergen, just where the mist clings low to the moss and the pine needles hush your footsteps, if you go quietly and don’t speak, you might hear them. Not the birds. Not the breeze. But the deep, slow sigh of something old… and hidden. Long ago, so long that Bergen was just a cluster of smoke and cottages along the fjord, the mountain above the town belonged to the trolls. Big ones. Slow ones. Trolls with mossy hair and knotted backs like the hills themselves. They lived in the caves of Fløyen, under roots and stone. Some say they were gentle, curious creatures. Others say they didn’t like the noise of men (or their iron) and would chase them away with howls that echoed through the trees. But one thing is always the same:
Trolls cannot stand the sun. They roam by moonlight, through fog and shadow. But if touched by the first light of dawn… they turn to stone. Now listen. One night, when the town below still slept under its wooden roofs, there was a celebration. The trolls were dancing, in a wide circle beneath the trees, right here above Bergen. They played flutes carved from birch, drums made from bark, and the song they sang was low and haunting, in a tongue older than Norse. They danced, and danced, and forgot the time. Only one troll, the youngest of them, small and clever, with sharp ears and bright eyes, noticed the sky beginning to pale. “The sun!” he cried. “The sun is coming!” But the others laughed, drunk with music and night. “Just a little longer!” they begged. “One more song!” But the clever one ran, and hid deep beneath the roots of a great pine. And then… it happened. The sun rose behind Ulriken, gold bleeding through the dark sky, light spilling over the ridge. And with a crack like ice breaking, one by one the trolls froze. Their arms lifted, their mouths open in laughter, they turned to stone, standing tall among the trees. You can still see them. Some are boulders now, covered in moss and forgotten. Others are half-hidden by ferns. But locals know the truth. If you walk the Trollskogen path, and a strange rock seems to lean toward the trail… don’t touch it. Don’t mock it. Just walk on, and be polite. Trolls may be silent by day, but by night? Who knows what still moves beneath the trees?” So, as we ride the Fløibanen upward and leave behind the busy streets of Bergen, keep your eyes on the forest. The higher we climb, the closer we come to their world. And who knows? Perhaps tonight, they’ll dance again. It’s time for us to board the Fløibanen funicular up to Fløyen Mount. It is a visit most tourists will not miss as this isn’t just a ride to the sky, but a slow ascent into a dream with panoramic views over the city of Bergen. But this moment is about more than just the view. In a tribute to Norway’s most cherished composer, Edvard Grieg, who called this region home, we’ll be accompanied not by commentary… but by opera. As we begin our ascent on the Fløibanen, a soaring voice will accompany us, not one of Edvard Grieg’s own compositions, but a tribute in spirit. Grieg once said that music should come from the land itself, from the mist, the mountains, and the silence between the notes. And though this melody may not bear his name, it echoes that same Nordic soul, rising with us as we climb toward the clouds. But why touch on Edvard Grieg? Because no one captured the spirit of this landscape quite like he did. Born in Bergen, he was deeply inspired by its dramatic scenery, its weather, its folklore. His music doesn’t just describe Norway, it sounds like it. And as we ascend Fløyen, you might just feel what he once felt: that strange mix of longing, awe, and joy that only the high places can give. And now it’s time to enjoy the ride. I’ll see you and say farewell up there. [This is a recreational area, with a café, restaurant, gift-shop, several playgrounds for kids, and of course, wooden sculptures of the trolls of Fløyen half hidden in the forest as a tribute to our small fellas of the legend; it is recommended to spend a couple of hours here.] And as the final note fades, so does our journey. From the cobblestone streets of Oslo to the myth-laced forests above Bergen, you’ve followed a path not just through Norway’s cities, but its stories, its spirit. And if those tales (of kings, trolls, artists, and fjords) have stayed with you, then this trip has done what all good journeys do: It’s made the world just a little bit more magical. “In a land where roads were few and the sea was the motorway,
Bergen was the true beating heart of west coast commerce, the place where Norwegian fishermen met farmers from inland fjords, bartered their catches for meat, cheese, or potatoes,
and carried news and gossip from the sea.”

🙋‍♂️ Welcome to this relaxing virtual walking tour through the heart of Bergen, Norway.

In this immersive walk, we explore some of the city’s most iconic and historic places. We begin at the Bergenhus Fortress, where we admire Haakon’s Hall and the Rosenkrantz Tower, two landmarks that once stood at the centre of power in medieval Norway.

From there, our walking journey takes us into the UNESCO-listed Bryggen, where narrow wooden alleyways and colourful Hanseatic buildings transport us centuries back in time. We then make our way through the lively Fish Market and stop by Mathallen before heading into the charming Old Town, a quiet and authentic corner of Bergen filled with cobbled streets and white-painted houses.

As we stroll through these old streets, we pause to share a local legend, the story of the Fløyen trolls, rooted in Norwegian folklore and tied to the mountain forest above the city.

Our Bergen walk ends with a scenic ride on the Fløibanen funicular and a panoramic view from Mount Fløyen, the perfect way to take in Bergen from above. Along the way, we’re accompanied by opera musicians and stories, including a special tribute to Norway’s most famous composer, Edvard Grieg.

☕️ So… If you are ready, get your morning coffee, take a deep breath, and walk with us along one of Norway’s most enchanting cities.

🇳🇴 Welcome to Bergen, the capital of the Norwegian Fjords.

•••

HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS WALK INCLUDE:

✨ Immersive Walk Through the Landmarks of the city of Bergen
✨ A Guided Tour with Subtitles or Audio Guide
✨ Most relevant facts about Bergen’s History, Culture & Architecture
✨ Sightseeing the Medieval Fortress, Fish Market & Old Town
✨ A Local Story: “The Legend of the Trolls of Fløyen”
✨ Ride up to the Panoramic views with the Funicular
✨ A Relaxing Stroll & Immersive Experience in Norway

•••

TOUR DETAILS

📍Location: Bergen, Norway
🗓️ May 30, Friday
⏰ 09.55h 🌡️ Temp: 11ºC | 52ºF

🗺️ Maps Route: https://maps.app.goo.gl/QA1qUFVx9tBM5vgw7

_________________________

⭐️ Don’t forget to SUBSCRIBE by clicking here ⭐️
https://www.youtube.com/@worldpathstours/?sub_confirmation=1

💬 Share your thoughts in the comments! Your feedback is very important to the growth of my channel. Thank you!

_________________________

🎞️ PLAYLISTS

– I want to see…

_________________________

– I want…

📤 Discover more Playlists on the home page.

_________________________

🙆‍♂️ ABOUT ME

My name is Martin, a Spaniard currently living in Norway. After living in multiple countries including Germany, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, and Norway, I’ve realised how much I love exploring outdoors. I decided to start a YouTube channel where I pour all my heart and soul into every video and my goal today is to take you to the planets nicest locations to learn from its history, facts and stories from a first person point of view. Join our community and let’s discover together the world of wonders we live in!

_________________________

CHAPTERS

0:00:00 – 👁️ Preview
0:02:36 – ℹ️ Intro to Walking Tour: Bergen
0:05:38 – ℹ️ Bergenhus Fortress
0:08:03 – ℹ️ The Wedding between the King of Norway and the Princess of Denmark
0:11:23 – ℹ️ The battle of Bergen Harbour, 1665
0:15:28 – ℹ️ Rosenkrantz Tower
0:18:57 – 🚶‍♀️Walking from Bergenhus Fortress to Bryggen
0:24:14 – ℹ️ Bryggen: The iconic Colourful Houses of Bergen
0:35:15 – ℹ️ Fish Market – Fisktorget
0:41:00 – ℹ️ The Food Hall – Mathallen
0:47:00 – ℹ️ Bergen Old Town
0:52:39 – ℹ️ When to visit Bergen?
0:54:23 – ℹ️ Interesting Facts About the City
0:57:14 – 📖 The Legend of the Fløyen Trolls
1:04:03 – ℹ️ Edvard Grieg Legacy
1:06:34 – ℹ️ Funicular Ride Up to Fløyen Mount
1:08:51 – ℹ️ Fløyen Panorama: Views over Bergen (+Opera)
1:12:40 – ✍️ Quote and Links

_________________________

📹 The sound and video have been filmed on location.
Do not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content without previous written authorisation.