中国仅存的一妻多夫村，三兄弟组成家庭，房屋如蜂巢相连，400年来隐居深山

中国仅存的一妻多夫村，三兄弟组成家庭，房屋如蜂巢相连，400年来隐居深山

Hidden in the mountains at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan in China is a mysterious village that shocked the world. It is called Oya Village. When you first step into this ancient village surrounded by three rivers, the scene in front of you will make you stunned. A young woman is preparing dinner for three different men by the fire . These three men are her legal husbands. What is even more shocking is that these three husbands are brothers. A few years ago, my brother and I married a wife together. The wife is the person with the highest status in the family. She has the final say on all matters, big or small. A young Naxi man named Zhago calmly introduces his family to outsiders. On the wall of his house hangs a family portrait, a woman, two men and three The children all had happy smiles on their faces. Oya Village is an ancient settlement of the Naxi people. It has been isolated from the outside world for more than 400 years. According to the latest statistics, more than 80 households in this village with only 252 households still maintain the polyandry system. This place , known as a paradise for women, not only has astonishing marriage customs, but also hides a shocking secret that may subvert your cognition. In those stone houses connected like honeycombs, in those mysterious Dongba characters, in the simple life of working from sunrise to sunset every day, it seems that the important code of the evolution of human civilization is hidden . But this is only the tip of the iceberg of the mystery of this mysterious village. Today , let us go deep into Oya Village to see it with our own eyes. Witness the real life of the women in this last group marriage village and their amazing secrets that have been unknown for 400 years . Oya Village is located in a high mountain valley at an altitude of 1,900 meters. It is surrounded by three rivers : Jinsha River , Wuliang River and Longda River. It is like an isolated island. The mountains are high and the roads are dangerous. It is surrounded by clouds and mist. It was not until 2011 that a road was opened . Before that, it took villagers 8 days of hiking to reach the county town. It is this extreme isolation that has preserved a system that seems incredible in modern society for 400 years. Oya Village is the only village in China that still retains a complete group marriage system. Here, the locals call the polyandry marriage system group marriage . In general, it means that several brothers work together to marry one wife. But this is not the chaos and fighting you imagine, but a sophisticated family management system that has been running for 400 years. In this system, women have absolute say. They not only control the financial power of the family , but also reasonably arrange the work division of each husband. For example, the eldest brother is arranged to go out to run a horse caravan to make money, the second brother is responsible for farming at home, and the third brother is responsible for taking care of children and the elderly. This division of labor is not fixed. The wife will flexibly adjust it according to the needs of the family and the expertise of each person. 48-year-old Nian Jia is such a female head of the family. At the age of 21, she married the two brothers Gatu and Huaxia. In the past, when my father was running a horse caravan outside, the livestock and farmland in the family were taken care of. Hua Xia and I are responsible for farming . Now that the children have grown up , Hua Xia spins wool and does some relatively easy things in her spare time . Nian Jia skillfully arranges all the household affairs. Nian Jia and her two husbands have given birth to three boys. The interesting thing is that the children have been accustomed to this family structure since they were young. They will call different men ” big dad” and “second dad” , but they will not be entangled in who is their biological father. In this big family, all children are regarded as having the same blood. Every father will love them equally. Then, will there be conflicts between these men because of competing for the favor of their wives? The answer may surprise you. In the big villages of Oya, there is a unique set of rules for harmonious coexistence among the group marriage families . Every husband has The brothers have their own independent bedrooms , and the wife not only has to arrange their work during the day , but also has to arrange who to sleep with at night. But how is it arranged specifically? We will reveal this secret that outsiders are most curious about later. This seemingly complicated family relationship actually has profound economic considerations. The Oya Village is located in a remote mountainous area with poor land. If each brother marries a wife and separates the family , the limited land and property will be divided more scarcely, and the life of each small family will become more difficult. The group marriage system can keep the brothers together , maintain more labor and a larger economic scale. Two men marrying a woman can better protect the woman, thereby protecting this family. If there is any problem at home , two men will come forward to solve it together. Local villagers explain the benefits of group marriage in this way. Different husbands can assume different responsibilities. Some go out to race horses to earn cash income, while others stay at home to farm to ensure food supply. The family’s ability to resist risks is greatly enhanced. However, the fact that this peculiar marriage system can continue to this day is actually surprisingly related to the houses they live in. Want to know why several adult men can live in harmony under the same roof? The answer is hidden in the magical honeycomb buildings in Oya Village. When you stand on the hillside opposite Oya Village and look out, the scene in front of you will completely shock you. The 252 stone houses are densely packed together, stacked layer by layer, and closely connected. Even the huge beehive-like building, a rare architectural wonder in the world, is not only for beauty , but also an important support for the continuation of the group marriage system for 400 years. These houses are all built with stones. Each household has a standard three-story structure. The bottom floor is used to raise livestock. The middle floor is the living area with a fire pit as the core of the family. The top floor is a warehouse for storing grain. But the most amazing thing is that almost all the houses are connected to each other, with shared walls and roof platforms of different heights. The roof of the previous household is often the courtyard of the next household. What’s even more amazing is that there is no decent road between these houses . The streets and alleys in the village are extremely narrow. The widest main road is only one and a half to two meters. Some alleys can only accommodate A mule can only travel in such an environment, and cars cannot enter at all. Mules and horses are still the main means for villagers to transport goods. So how do villagers move freely in this maze-like building complex ? The answer lies in those magical rooftop passages. The roofs of every household are connected by single-wood ladders or stone steps, forming a three-dimensional transportation network. Villagers can start from their own roofs and use these ladders and steps to almost walk around the village without going down to the ground. Interestingly, local young men often use these rooftop passages when they go on walking marriages at night. They can quietly walk from one house to another and walk around the village from one house. The local villagers proudly introduce their homes in this way. This unique The unique architectural design is actually the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient military defense. When foreign enemies invade, villagers can quickly transfer through the roof passages and even burn the only wooden bridge over the Longda River at the entrance of the village to block the enemy on the other side of the river. However, this closely connected architectural design has a special meaning for families who marry together. Imagine if each brother had to build a house separately, it would not only require more land and building materials, but more importantly, it would naturally lead to a trend of splitting up into families . Now, this design of interconnected shared walls allows brothers to be closely connected in physical space , strengthening the concept of not splitting up the family. In the Oya Village, the average area of ​​each household is only more than 180 square meters, which is very difficult for raising children. For farming families, the space for storing livestock , farm tools and agricultural products is extremely limited. However, the clever Naxi ancestors maximized the use of every inch of land through vertical construction and functional stratification. This design not only saves land , but also reduces the cost of building houses. Two families share one wall, which greatly saves building materials and labor. Moreover, due to the limited foundation area, the Naxi people built higher and higher houses and expanded the living space by adding more floors, which not only saved costs but also accommodated more family members. What’s more interesting is that this architectural layout also cleverly solved a sensitive problem. In a family where a woman has multiple husbands, how to ensure that everyone has enough private space? The answer lies in these connected In the relatively independent room design, each husband has his own independent bedroom, and the wife’s room is an absolutely private area. Others are not allowed to enter at will. Nowadays, in Oya Village, villagers still visit each other through the roof passage. Mules carry goods through the narrow alleys. Every household dries corn on the roof. But the most curious question about group marriage is how the wife arranges the relationship with different husbands. How do they make several men live in harmony? These deep family secrets are far more complicated and exquisite than these magical buildings. Next, let us explore the core and most private operating mechanism of this system. After the previous understanding, you must be very curious about the situation of a woman having multiple husbands. How does she arrange her relationships with different husbands in the family ? Who does she sleep with at night? Will several men be jealous of each other? These private issues that outsiders are most curious about actually have a set of exquisite operating mechanisms. In the group marriage families in Oya Village, each husband has his own independent bedroom, and the wife’s room is a restricted area for the entire family. No one can enter at will. When the wife wants to get close to a husband, she will use a unique code to put her shoes in front of the husband’s door as a mark . This seemingly simple shoe marking method is actually a complete family communication system. When other brothers see the shoes, they will avoid them wisely and will never disturb them at this time. Sometimes they are not The chosen husband will even take the initiative to stay in the farmhouse on the mountain for a few days to leave enough private space for the couple. So how does the wife make the choice? This is not a random preference , but a deep consideration. For example, when the husband who has been away for horse racing just comes home, the wife will often make it a priority to spend time with him, both to welcome and to comfort him. When the family needs more labor, she may spend more time with the husband who is responsible for farm work, to give him more care and support. What’s more interesting is that this arrangement often takes birth planning into consideration. In Oya Village, although children do not distinguish between biological fathers , wives still have some preferences when deciding to have children. However, once the child is born, all husbands will be treated equally. Taking on the responsibility of a father, 48-year-old Nian Jia has a deep understanding of this. She and the two brothers, Gatu and Huaxia , have a total of three boys. The eldest and the second have married and have children . 25-year-old Longbu is the youngest. Nian Jia said that under her arrangement, the older Gatu is mainly responsible for household affairs and taking care of grandchildren , while Huaxia undertakes more physical work. However, with the changes of the times, Nian Jia found that the sons’ concepts have changed a lot. Although the eldest and the second also chose to marry in groups , the youngest Longbu resolutely chose monogamy. Longbu has been working in Lijiang for many years and has been exposed to the outside world. He thinks monogamy is better. Although Nian Jia feels a little regretful , she also understands that in a group marriage family, the wife must not only be in They not only have to deal with complex emotional relationships , but also take on the responsibility of family management. They usually control the family’s finances, decide on major family expenses , and arrange the division of labor for each husband, such as who goes to other places to race horses to earn cash, who stays at home to farm and ensure food, and who is responsible for taking care of the elderly and children . Another feature of this family structure is property sharing . In a group marriage family , all land, houses, and livestock belong to the entire family and will not be divided because of the departure or death of a husband. This system ensures the integrity of family property and is also an important economic foundation for the group marriage system to be maintained. For children, this family structure brings them more fatherly love. In Oya Village, children have been accustomed to it since childhood. We call different men ” big dad “, “second dad”, and “third dad” . Every father will fulfill his fatherly responsibilities to them. We will not argue about who is the biological father of the child because they are all our common blood. A villager explained it this way. In Oya Village, a day in a group marriage family is spent like this. In the early morning, when the first ray of sunlight shines into the stone house, the wife will get up first and make tea to worship the gods. The fire pit is the core of the whole family. The men lead the horses and feed the pigs, while the women start to weave hemp and weave fire grass. 47 water mills start to operate and grind cornmeal , the staple food of the villagers. During the day, family members carry farm tools and daily necessities on their backs . On foot or on mules, they go to the farmland in the mountains to work. Since the farmland is far from the village and requires half a day to a day’s walk, many families They all built farmhouses by the fields as temporary residences during the busy farming season. In the distant mountains, you can hear the clanging sounds coming from the blacksmith’s house . They keep the traditional handicrafts. In the evening, the villagers return with pig grass, firewood and other daily necessities. The women start making corn cakes, which are the favorite staple food of the locals. They also brew barley rice wine, which is a must-have for every household . Before dinner, the whole family will sit around the fire pit for a half-hour chanting ceremony to worship their ancestors , and then enjoy corn, barley and other staple foods as well as the village’s special dishes , pork fat that can be stored for ten years without going bad. When night falls, when Jin Zuocuo’s singing rings in the village, the villagers will gather in front of the square and dance the traditional Naxi dance. The rise and fall of the rhythm of the Dongba musical instrument adds to this ancient village. It adds a warm atmosphere to life. In such a harmonious and orderly daily life, the group marriage system shows its unique advantages. When there are major decisions to be made in the family, multiple adult men can discuss together to reduce the risk of wrong decisions . When facing natural disasters or family changes, multiple laborers also greatly enhance the family’s ability to resist risks . However, this system is not without challenges. The biggest problem is emotional disputes. Although most group marriage families can live in harmony, a few families have conflicts due to emotional problems. For example, when a husband feels that his wife is partial to him or when brothers have conflicts for other reasons, the harmony of the entire family will be affected. Another challenge is the conflict of intergenerational concepts. With the impact of modernization, more and more young people are beginning to question this traditional system. They believe that monogamy is more in line with the values ​​of modern society and is more conducive to the emotional development of individuals. This change in concept is profoundly changing the marriage pattern of Eya Village. Now, among the 252 households in Eya Village, only more than 80 households still maintain the group marriage system, and this number is constantly decreasing. Many young people choose the monogamous marriage model after going out to work or go to school. Our generation may be the last generation. A villager in his 40s said with emotion that from a legal point of view, this polyandrous marriage form does not conform to the current laws of our country, but as a historical tradition that has continued for 400 years, In order to protect the traditional customs, the local government adopts guidance rather than coercion. In practice, these families often have only one couple with a legal marriage certificate. The other husband is not legally recognized as a spouse. With the development of the economy and modernization, this tradition is disappearing naturally. More and more young people have actively chosen monogamy. This ancient custom is gradually withdrawing from the stage of history. In addition to the changes in the group marriage system, the Eya Village also preserves another even more ancient civilization, the Dongba culture. This hieroglyphic writing, which is older than oracle bone inscriptions, is still passed down and used in the village. However, this ancient cultural tradition is now facing an unprecedented crisis. Writings older than oracle bone inscriptions are still here. Living and using In a simple hut in Oya Village, 57-year-old Yingzaci is writing mysterious pictographic characters on an ivory paper. These symbols that look like children’s scribbles are actually one of the few living characters in the world that are still in use. Dongba script is a pictographic script with a longer history than oracle bone script. Yingzaci is one of the few great Dongbas left in Oya Village . In the Naxi language, Dongba means wise men. They are not only religious priests but also the guardians of the entire national culture. Each family has its own Dongba, who masters various knowledge such as songs, dances, scriptures , history, and medical skills. A little man puffs up his belly full of small black dots, and another little man puffs up his empty belly, which means “to eat a full meal, you can’t eat.” Yingzacili explained the meaning of these ancient characters while writing. These Dongba characters carry the wisdom and philosophical thoughts of the Naxi people for thousands of years. As the chief Dongba, Yingzacili’s duties include the villagers’ birth, aging, illness, death, weddings, funerals, and festivals. But his best skill is making Dongba paper . This magical paper, which is said to last for a thousand years without decaying , is made from the bark of the local wormwood tree. Every morning, Yingzacili cuts wormwood branches from the mountains , soaks them, steams them, peels them, and pounds them. The whole process takes six or seven hours. Although wormwood is slightly toxic and can cause rashes on the skin , it is precisely because of this that Dongba paper has the characteristics of being insect-proof and anti-moth. However, this cultural tradition that has continued for thousands of years But now it is facing an unprecedented crisis. Young people in the village no longer want to learn Dongba and do not believe in Dongba. Yingzaci said with emotion that he has not trained a Dongba apprentice for several years. A few years ago, a young apprentice went out to work because he could not make money as a Dongba . If I do not pass it on, it will be lost in the future. Yingzaci said worriedly that he is old and will not be able to make Dongba paper when he is 60 years old. Facing the crisis of traditional culture discontinuity, this guardian of ancient culture seems a little helpless , but he would never have thought that a greater change is about to sweep the entire Oya Village , and this change will bring new vitality to the ancient Dongba culture in unexpected ways. In 2011, this change finally came. A winding asphalt road Finally, the road to Oya Village was built. This road has completely changed this ancient village that has been isolated from the world for 400 years . The time it takes for villagers to go to the county town has been shortened from 8 days on horseback to 8 hours by car . The outside world has poured into this mysterious valley at an unprecedented speed . The first thing that changed was the glittering screens of mobile phones. When the network signal tower was erected on the top of the mountain, the young people of Oya Village were exposed to short videos and live broadcasts for the first time. They were surprised to find that the ordinary village where their ancestors had lived for generations was so magical and interesting in the eyes of outsiders . So an unprecedented Internet celebrity revolution broke out in Oya Village. Now this small village with only 252 households has produced 168 live broadcast Internet celebrities. Chen Xingguo, secretary of the Party Committee of Oya Township, proudly calls this place the No. 1 Internet celebrity village in China. Such voices can be heard in every corner of the village. Families, please pay attention and I will continue to show you the blacksmith’s family and the group marriage culture on the mountain. This is a very old custom. Now we all follow monogamy. The villagers pointed the camera at Oya Village to introduce the situation of the village to netizens , but this Internet celebrity craze also brought problems. Some anchors began to make up stories to attract traffic. Bizarre stories exaggerate the phenomenon of group marriages. Some people always use the topic of “group marriages” to attract traffic , which gives the local government a headache . They have to regulate and guide Internet celebrities. Deeper changes have occurred in the concepts of young people. Nianjia ‘s youngest son, Longbu , has been working in Lijiang for many years. After being exposed to modern urban life, he resolutely chose monogamy. I think monogamy is better. Longbu’s choice made the traditional mother Nianjia both regretful and understanding. Similar stories are becoming more and more in the village. This change also makes Dongba Yingzacili feel worried. What worries him even more is that more and more young people in the village have begun to become live broadcast Internet celebrities, including his 24-year-old daughter-in-law. There are not many choices for young people in the village. It seems that there are only two ways: going out to work or becoming an Internet celebrity. The daughter-in-law admits frankly that Yingzacili is slightly relieved that his daughter-in-law has recently begun to learn Dongba characters with him and is ready to explain them in live broadcasts so that more people can see Dongba culture and the real village. Perhaps the ancient Dongba culture is finding a new way of inheritance through this modern way. In addition to changes in marriage concepts, the villagers’ lifestyles are also undergoing earth-shaking changes . Tractors and motorcycles have begun to appear in the village. Modern transportation The use of tools has greatly reduced the villagers’ labor burden. The traditional horse caravan trade is also gradually disappearing. Now, through live broadcasting on the Internet, villagers can directly sell agricultural products all over the country. The most striking change has occurred in the architectural space. In the past, the houses in Oya Village were truly connected and interconnected . Now many houses are beginning to be connected but not interconnected. The villagers have increased their personal privacy while retaining the traditional appearance. In response to these changes, the local government has actively adjusted its strategy. They have put forward the requirement of repairing the old as it is, and villagers are not allowed to change the shape of the house at will. At the same time, a Dongba cultural training center has been built to allow Dongbas to teach culture and demonstrate the papermaking process . Regarding the phenomenon of Internet celebrities, the government has adopted a guidance strategy, telling Internet celebrities not to say untrue words and not to discuss things they don’t understand. However, the biggest challenge is how to allow villagers to live a better life while maintaining traditional characteristics. Today, Oya Village is in a fierce collision between tradition and modernity, and new changes are happening every day. When the sun sets, Oya Village has regained its tranquility for thousands of years. The smoke from cooking still rises, and the bells of the horse caravan still echo, but all this is different now. In this place known as China’s last In the group marriage village, only more than 80 out of 252 Naxi families still maintain the group marriage tradition , and this number is still decreasing. Also facing extinction are the Dongba characters that are older than oracle bone inscriptions. 57-year-old Yingzhacili may be the last generation of Dongba, but history has never been a simple disappearance and continuation. In the lenses of 168 live broadcasts of internet celebrities and in the online classes of Yingzhacili’s daughter-in-law, the ancient culture is looking for a new way of survival. Perhaps this is the true meaning of civilization inheritance. It is not to preserve it as it is , but to continue it in change. The story of Oya Village tells us that when economic conditions improve and transportation becomes convenient, the former survival wisdom will naturally be replaced by a new way of life. This is not a tragedy but an inevitable result of social progress. Do you think that ancient customs like group marriage should be preserved intact or allowed to disappear naturally? What other traditional cultures are disappearing in your hometown? Please leave a message in the comment area to share. That’s all the content of this video. From the mysterious group marriage system to the thousand-year-old Dongba culture, every story in Oya Village makes people think deeply . It’s not easy to make a long video. If you like it , please like, subscribe and forward it . See you next time

如果你能用几分钟的时间了解中国文化呢？你需要的只是订阅我们，你会得到更多的机会去全面了解中国！

在中国四川与云南交界的深山中，有一个罕见而古老的村落——俄亚大村。这里至今仍保留着延续400多年的“伙婚”制度：一名女子与三名亲兄弟组成家庭，共同生活在石屋相连、如蜂巢般的建筑群中。

村落地处高海拔峡谷，被三条江河环绕，直到2011年才通公路，因此形成了独特的婚姻结构与居住智慧。每个家庭成员有明确分工，女性拥有主导权，孩子称“多个爸爸”为“大爸”、“二爸”，村庄和谐有序。

更令人惊叹的是，这里的房屋彼此相连，通过屋顶通道串门，形成一套立体交通网络，甚至影响了家庭结构的稳固——这种空间设计，正是“伙婚”制度能延续至今的重要原因。

本期视频，我们将带你深入俄亚大村，看一看古老婚俗如何维系家庭、了解东巴文化如何延续千年、以及这个“最后的伙婚村”如何在互联网时代找到了新的出路。

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